Although it is crucial to know the motivation underlying engaging in various activities, including physical ones, there is no Serbian version of a questionnaire for assessing motivation for exercise. The aim of this study is to evaluate the internal consistency reliability of the Serbian version of the EMI-2 questionnaire (Markland & Ingledew, 1997) in the fitness population. The research sample consisted of 1087 participants who exercise in fitness centers in the territory of the Banja Luka region. The integrated measuring instrument is made up of two parts: the first, self-created part of the questionnaire was used to describe the participants, and the second, standardised EMI-2 questionnaire was used to evaluate motivation for exercise. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the participants and the subscales. The Cronbach's alpha test was used to test the reliability of the EMI-2 scales, and Pearson correlation was used among the EMI-2 subscales. The results indicate a good reliability of the subscales in the range 0.606-0.850 and an overall reliability of 0.932. Pearson's correlation coefficient indicates a statistically significant correlation between the subscales except for Social Recognition with Positive Health and Nimbleness. The Serbian version of the EMI-2 has satisfactory internal consistency reliability and interrelatedness of the subscales.
Ball, J. W., Bice, M. R., & Parry, T. (2014). Adults’ motivation for physical activity: Differentiating motives for exercise, sport, and recreation. Recreational Sports Journal, 38(2), 130–142.
Boren, S. (2017). College Students’ Motivations to Attend Group Fitness Classes: An Exploratory Investigation. Recreational Sports Journal, 41(2), 156–166.
Box, A. G., Feito, Y., Brown, C., Heinrich, K. M., & Petruzzello, S. J. (n.d.). High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and competitions: How motives differ by length of participation. PLOS ONE, 14(3), e0213812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213812
Box, A. G., Feito, Y., Matson, A., Heinrich, K. M., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2021). Is age just a number? Differences in exercise participatory motives across adult cohorts and the relationships with exercise behaviour. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(1), 61–73.
Bycura, D., Feito, Y., & Prather, C. (2017). Motivational factors in CrossFit® training participation. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 4(6), 539–550.
Campos, L. A., dos Santos, A., Sampaio, M. M. B., Marôco, J., & Campos, J. A. D. B. (n.d.). Exercise motives among university students – A Brazil-Portugal transnational study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1009762
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.
DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications.
Feito, Y., Brown, C., Box, A., Heinrich, K. M., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2018). An Investigation Into How Motivational Factors Differed Among Individuals Engaging in CrossFit Training. Sage Open, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018803139
Galan-Lopez, P., Lopez-Cobo, I., García-Lázaro, I., & Ries, F. (n.d.). Associations between Motives for Physical Exercise, Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114128
Gallotta, M. C., Bonavolonta, V., Guidetti, L., Baldari, C., Innocenti, L., Cardinali, L., & Bertollo, M. (2021). Initial validation of the Italian version of the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ-I. PloS One, 16(4), 0249667.
Hewitt, B., Deranek, K., McLeod, A., & Gudi, A. (2022). Exercise motives impact on physical activities measured using wearable devices. Health Promotion International, 37(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac071
Kim, S. H., & Cho, D. (2022). Validation of exercise motivations inventory–2 (EMI-2) scale for college students. Journal of American College Health, 70(1), 114–121.
Kimberlin, C. L., & Winterstein, A. G. (2008). Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 65(23), 2276–2284. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070364
Kimbrough, S., Rosselli, A. C., & Crutcher, T. (2017). Use of the exercise motives and gains inventory in dance fitness. Physical Activity Review, 5, 188–195.
Markland, D., & Hardy, L. (1993). The Exercise Motivations Inventory: Preliminary development and validity of a measure of individuals’ reasons for participation in regular physical exercise. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(3), 289–296.
Markland, D., & Ingledew, D. K. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2(4), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00549.x
McFadden, K., Berry, T. R., McHugh, T. F., & Rodgers, W. M. (2018). What older adolescents expect from physical activity: Implicit cognitions regarding health and appearance outcomes. Journal of American College Health, 66(3), 202–208.
Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15, 625–632.
Rahman, M. M., Liang, C. Y., Gu, D., Ding, Y., & Akter, M. (2019). Understanding Levels and Motivation of Physical Activity for Health Promotion among Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Investigation. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2019, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9828241
Rodrigues, F., Moutao, J. O. A. O., Teixeira, D., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2022). Examining exercise motives between gender, age and activity: A first-order scale analysis and measurement invariance. Current Psychology, 41(1), 112–125.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2007). Introduction: Active Human Nature. In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 1–20).
Schlegl, S., Dittmer, N., Hoffmann, S., & Voderholzer, U. (2018). Self-reported quantity, compulsiveness and motives of exercise in patients with eating disorders and healthy controls: differences and similarities. Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0202-6
Sperber, A. D. (2004). Translation and validation of study instruments for cross-cultural research. Gastroenterology, 126, S124–S128. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.016
Spiteri, K., Caro, J. X. de, Grafton, K., & Broom, D. (n.d.). Psychometric testing of the Maltese versions of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and Exercise Motivation Inventory – 2 . Health Psychology Research, 10(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.37515
Vlasic, J., Baric, R., Oreb, G., & Kasovic, M. (2002). Exercise motives in middle-aged and elderly female population. Proceedings Book of 3rd International Scientific Conference Kinesiology - New Perspectives, 462–465.
Vuckovic, V., Cuk, I., & Duric, S. (n.d.). Purchase Channels and Motivation for Exercise in the Slovenian Population: Customer Behavior as a Guarantee of Fitness Center Sustainability. Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060447
Vuckovic, V., & Duric, S. (n.d.). Motivational variations in fitness: a population study of exercise modalities, gender and relationship status. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1377947
Vučković, V., Krejač, K., & Kajtna, T. (n.d.). Exercise Motives of College Students after the COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 6977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19126977
Citation
Funding Statement
This research received no external funding to support this work.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.