The present study was designed to evaluate the anthropometric parameters, body composition
and anaerobic power components of elite male and female basketball players and compare
them in relation to gender and specific sport demands. The study group consisted of 43 elite
national level athletes: 22 male basketball players (aged 20.3±2.92) and 21 female players
(aged 19.5±2.96). The significant differences were noted in fat body mass, triceps and lower
body region skinfolds, wigh higher values in females, while higher values of forearm, upper
arm and waist circumference were noted in males. Comparing Wingate test parameters,
higher values of absolute anaerobic power, explosive power, and absolute anaerobic capacity
were recorded in male players, while there was no significant difference in relative anaerobic
power, and relative anaerobic capacity values between genders. Morphometric profile in elite
sport should accompany physiological profile in order to monitor improvements during
training process and sport performance.

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in parameters of bone mineral
density in elite track and field athletes and sedentary male controls, respectively non-athletes.
The research included 15 athletes who are members of the national junior track and field team
of Serbia and 15 non-athlete boys, aged 17 to 19 years. Sahara (Hologic, Inc., MA 02154,
USA) clinical sonometer was used for assessing bone density. The parameters of bone
mineral density were measured, Speed of sound (SOS), Broadband ultrasound attenuation
(BUA), Bone mineral density (BMD) and Width of the heel bone, as well. T-test for two
independent groups confirmed that there is statistically significant difference between elite
track and field athletes and non-athletes in all measured parameters (p < 0.05). The results of
this study confirm the significant effects of practicing track and field events on increasing
bone mineral density and preventing osteoporosis. 

Importance of physical education and its placment in the educational system are known for a
long period of time. Many resreaches have been conducted in order to determine the extent to
which physical education positively influences students. Results of some studies show that
physical education classes are unsatisfactory and inappropriate, given the circumstances- age
and individual skills of students, their needs and interests (Arunovic, 1978; Visnjic, 1983;
Krsmanovic, 1988, 1995). Main reasons for ineficinet physical education classes can be found
in the bad concept of modelling teaching syllabuses and small number of physical education
classes per week (Krsmanovic, 1995). The aim of the study is determining differences
between examinees in terms of motor skills, depending on material and technical conditions
as well as method of class organisation that is realization of the curriculum. The participants
in the study were 142 adolescents, 17 years of age (± 6 months ). In order to assess motor
skills 12 motor tests were used. Data processing was done by applying multivariate analysis
of covariance (MANCOVA), significance of difference was determined by analysis of
variance (ANOVA), while differences among examinees of the experimental and the control
group were determined by discriminant analysis. After the experimental treatment, it was
determined that there was statistically significant difference between the experimental and the
control group within the motor skills system. 

Physical education has an important role in students' preparation for lifelong fitness
participation. Since swimming is considered as one of the most beneficial fitness activities,
swimming competencies, including knowledge of safety routines, should be developed
through physical education classes. In order to examine swimming competencies of
elementary and secondary school students, the cross-sectional study was conducted. The
sample consisted of 143 students of both gender (71 elementary school students, 72 secondary
school students). The previously used questionnaire was modified (Moran, 2006) and the data
concerning selfevaluation of swimming skills, safety information resources and life saving
skills are presented. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results suggest that there are
no significant differences between elementary and secondary school students in
selfevaluations of swimming skills, but they differ in safety information resources they use.
Schools fail in their mission to educate and develop students' swimming competencies. 

Coordination as complex motor ability in preschool age represents a base for development of other abilities and thus point out their relationships with overall motor development of a child. The goal of this research is to analyze the relationship of coordination with motor abilities and anthropometric characteristics of preschool girls. In a sample of 197 girls aged from 4 – 6 years, seven tests of motor skills were applied and five anthropometric measures. Using standard multiple regression, a statistically significant correlation between motor abilities/anthropometric characteristics and coordination of preschool girls was identified. The system of motor and anthropometric variables as a whole explains 41% of variance of the depended variable. Among the variables of the predictor system, the best predictors of girls’ performance on coordination test, were the following variables: hand tapping, standing broad jump and abdominal skinfold. The results suggest that the preschool girls’ motor skills are related in a specific way and that coordination has a large impact on other motor skills. 

This study presents the results of the analysis of the effects of body composition on the
manifestation of static strength in girls of lower elementary school age. The sample consisted
of 63 girls aged seven. All the girls were from Subotica and attend elementary schools. Height
was measured by the use of Martin’s anthropometer, weight was measured by the use of InBody
230. The measures of body composition (body fat, total body water and skeletal muscle mass)
were assessed by InBody 230, a device which functions on the base of bioelectrical impedance.
The static strength of arms and shoulder area was assessed by „Bent-arm hang” test. The results
pointed to the statistically significant effects of the body composition on the manifestation of static
strength in girls of lower elementary school age. 

On the basis of recently published experimental results of Abramowitch et al. (2004), dealing
with viscoelastic properties of sham operated and healing MCL, we show that the fractional Zener
model of viscoelastic body seems to be very tractable tool for rheological description of different
states of biological tissues. In this paper medial collateral ligament of the knee will be described
by means of the method of Dankuc et al. 2010, who examined middle ear structures and ramp-and
hold stress relaxation experiments. Two different states of MCL were described by four different
constants representing modulus of elasticity, the order of fractional derivative and two relaxation
constants. Predictions of the model are in good agreement with the experimental results.

The aim of the study was to give more informations about jumping abilities of young
female gymnasts. We examine age-related differences in some variables of counter-movement
jump (CMJ) and counter-movement jump with arm swing (CMJA), between two age categories
of young female gymnasts (n=47) and also reliability of testing vertical jump in gymnasts. The
study was conducted on an international competition. Our research has shown that age-related
differences were observed only in height of the jumps, but not in power output of both jumps and
displacement of depth of body’s center of gravity. Jumping capabilities are crucial in gymnastics
in all levels of competitions and in all categories of gymnasts. Testing and periodical monitoring
of young athletes’ abilities are important for defining the training programmes adapted to the
needs of gymnastics and the age of the gymnasts.

Each woman has different characteristics of menstrual cycle. The main problem is the
determination of period in which the measuring would be carried out, so that the results could be
directly linked to a certain hormone or phase of the menstrual cycle. Generally it could be said
that menstrual cycle does not influence muscle contractility and maximum oxygen consumption,
lactate level, heart rate, breathing volume, hemoglobin levels. Therefore, women who compete in
anaerobic and aerobic sports do not have to adjust competition schedules to their menstrual cycle.
On the other hand the increase of body temperature in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle,
possible cardiovascular strain in this phase, influence of progesterone on the respiratory center,
the rise of breathing frequency and volume can have negative influence on long-term intensive
sport activities. For this sort of activity female athletes are recommended to adjust their
competition schedule to menstrual cycle.

The research problem was to analyze manifestation of sprinting speed and to compare the results
obtained in prepubertal children in relation to gender. The aim of this study was to analyze the
basic motor ability related to velocity in children before puberty. The study was conducted on the
sample of 71 subjects who were divided into two subgroups: 37 boys and 34 girls, aged 9 years
+/- 6 months. Three tests were applied for measurement of sprinting speed: time running 10
meters, high start time running 20 meters, high and start time running 20 meters flying start. The
results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between subjects with respect
to gender, in all three tests applied to estimate sprint speed at the level of p <0.05. On this basis, it
was concluded that prepubertal period of half of the respondents in the prepubertal period, as a
criterion, does not constitute a basis for a statistically significant difference in the exercise of
sprint speed.