Demonstration is a widely used method in sports teaching and coaching, as well in Physical education classes. The most commonly used types of demonstration live demonstration and video demonstration. However, a direct comparison between these two types of model has rarely been undertaken in a motor context. Therefore, the aim of this reseasrch is to specify and compare the effects of the two different metric protocol, former standard and the new video demonstration, on the estimation of the test results in the primary school.The participants involved the third and the fourth year students from four elementary schools in Petrinje and Sisak which territorialy belong to urban area of the Sisak- Moslavic county. The total number of students on whom this research has taken place was 327, of which 186 were boys and 141 were girls at the age of 10,5. The students were divided into two subsamples considering the used treatment,both standard and video demonstration protocol. The sample of variables in this research consists of four tests for evauating motor abilities: Shuttle run, Back-save sit and reach for the right and left leg, Push-ups and Curl up. The use of video demonstration protocol for task performance has shown a significant effect in the tests Shuttle run and Curl up, while significant effects were not gained in both both flexibility tests (Back-save sit and reach for the right and left leg) and strength tests (push-ups) due to the protocol. The results indicated that video demonstration seems more effective than the live one for the early acquisition of a completely new motor skills.
Aiken CA, Fairbrother JT, Post PG. The Effects of Self-Controlled Video Feedback on the Learning of the Basketball Set Shot. Vol. 3, Frontiers in Psychology. p. 1–8.
2.
Al-Abood SA, Davids K, Bennett SJ. Specificity of task constraints and effects of visual demonstrations and verbal instructions in directing learners’ search during skill acquisition. Vol. 33, Journal of Motor Behavior. p. 295–305.
3.
Al-Abood SA, Davids K, Bennett SJ, Ashford DD, Marin MM. Effects of manipulating relative and absolute motion information during observational learning of an aiming task. Vol. 19, Journal Of Sports Sciences. p. 507–20.
4.
Atienza FL, Balaguer I, Garcia-Merita ML. Video modeling and imaging training on performance of tennis service of 9- to 12-year-old children. Vol. 87, Perceptual and Motor Skills. p. 519–29.
5.
Baumgartner TA, Oh S, Chung H, Hales D. Objectivity, Reliability, and Validity for a Revised Push-Up Test Protocol. Vol. 6, Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. p. 225–42.
6.
BenitezSantiago AS. Using Video Feedback to Improve Martial-Arts Performance. Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
7.
Boyer E, Miltenberger RG, Batsche C, Fogel V. Video modeling by experts with video feedback to enhance gymnastics skills. Vol. 42, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. p. 855–60.
8.
Brlas S. Psihologija komunikacije.
9.
Buchanan JJ, Dean NJ. Specificity in practice benefits learning in novice models and variability in demonstration benefits observational practice. Vol. 74, Psychological Research. p. 313–26.
10.
Guadagnoli M, Holcomb W, Davis M. The efficacy of video feedback for learning the golf swing. Vol. 20, Journal of Sports Sciences. p. 615–22.
11.
Haguenauer M, Fargier P, Legrener P, Dufour AB, Cogerino G, Begon M, et al. Short-term effects of using verbal instruction and demonstration at the beginning of learning a complex skill in figure skating. Vol. 100, Perceptual and Motor Skills. p. 179–91.
12.
Hayes SJ, Hodges NJ, Scott MA, Horn RR, Williams AM. The efficacy of demonstrations in teaching children an unfamiliar movement skill: The effects of object-orientated actions and point-light demonstrations. Vol. 25, Journal of Sports Sciences. p. 5 ,559-575.
13.
Hodges NJ, Chua R, Franks IM. The role of video in facilitating perception and action of novel coordination movement. Vol. 35, Journal of Motor Behavior. p. 247–60.
14.
Hodges NJ, Williams AM, Hayes SJ, Breslin G. What is modelled during observational learning? Vol. 25, Journal of Sport Science. p. 531–45.
15.
Horn RR, Williams AM. Observational motor learning: Is it time we took another look? In: Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice. p. 175–206.
16.
Horn RR, Williams AM, Scott MA. Learning from demonstrations: the role of visual search during observational learning from video and point-light models. Vol. 20, Journal Of Sports Sciences. p. 253–69.
17.
Horn RR, M. WA, Scott MA, Hodges NJ. Visual Search and Coordination Changes in Response to Video and Point- Light Demonstrations Without KR. Vol. 37, Journal Of Motor Behavior. p. 265–74.
18.
Horn RR, M. WA, Hayes SJ, Hodges NJ, Scott MA. Demonstration as a rate enhancer to changes in coordination during early skill acquisition. Vol. 25, Journal Of Sports Sciences. p. 599–614.
19.
Jennings CT, Reaburn P, Rynne SB. The effect of self-modelling video intervention on motor skill acquisition and retention of novice track cyclist’s standing start performance. Vol. 8, International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching.
20.
Kelley H. Using Video Feedback to Improve Horseback Riding Skills. Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
21.
Laguna PL. Task complexity and sources of task-related information during the observational learning process. Vol. 26, Journal Of Sports Sciences. p. 1097–113.
22.
Magill RA, Schoenfelder-Zohdi B. A visual model and knowledge if performance as sours of information for learning a rhythmic gymnastic skill. Vol. 27, International Journal of Sport Psychology. p. 7–22.
23.
Magill RA. Modeling and verbal feedback influences on skill learning. Vol. 24, International Journal of Sport Psychology. p. 358–69.
24.
Maleki F, Nia PS, Zarghami M, Neisi A. The Comparison of Different Types of Observational Training on Motor Learning of Gymnastic Handstand. Vol. 26, Journal of Human Kinetics. p. 13–9.
25.
Metikoš D, Hofman E, Prot F, Pintar Ž, Oreb G. Mjerenje bazičnih motoričkih dimenzija sportaša. In: Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
26.
Mraković M, Findak V, Metikoš D, Neljak B. Primijenjena kineziologija u školstvu–NORME.
27.
Neljak B. Kineziološka metodika u osnovnom i srednjem školstvu.
28.
Novak D. Razlike u kinatropološkim obilježjima učenika petog razreda u odnosu na makroregionalne i urbanoruralne značajke Republike Hrvatske, Doktorska disertacija.
29.
Pallant J. SPSS priručnik za preživljavanje, Mikro knjiga.
30.
Prskalo I, Babin J. Dijagnostika u edukaciji. In: , Zbornik radova 20 ljetne škole kineziologa RH 2011.godine.
31.
Prskalo I. Kinesiological diagnostic model in the function of kinesiological prevention. In: The 5th International Conference on Advanced and Systems Research Zagreb: Učiteljski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
32.
Ram N, Riggs SM, Skaling S, Landers DM, McCullagh P. A comparison of modelling and imagery in the acquisition and retention of motor skills. Vol. 25, Journal of Sports Science. p. 587–97.
33.
Saemi E, Porter JM, Varzaneh AG, Zarghami M, Shafinia P. Practicing along the contextual interference continuum: A comparison of three practice schedules in a elementary physical education setting. Vol. 44, Kineziologija. p. 191–8.
34.
Sherwood DE, Rothman KK. Concurrent visual feedback and spatial accuracy in continuous aiming movements. Vol. 113, Perceptual and Motor Skills. p. 825–39.
35.
Singer RN. Performance and human factors: considerations about cognition and attention for self-paced and externally-paced events. Vol. 43, Ergonomic. p. 1661–80.
36.
Smith JL. Effects of video modeling on skill acquisition in learning the golf swing.
37.
Sullivan KJ, Kantak SS, Burtner PA. Motor Learning in Children: Feedback Effects on Skill Acquisition. Vol. 88, Physical Therapy. p. 720–32.
38.
Tripp TR, Rich PJ. The influence of video analysis on the process of teacher change. Vol. 28, Teaching and Teacher Education. p. 728–39.
39.
Wulf G. Self-controlled practice enhances motor learning: Implication for physiotherapy. Vol. 93, Physiotherapy. p. 96–101.
40.
Wulf G, Shea C, Lewthwait R. Motor skill learning and performance: a review of influential factors. Vol. 44, Medical Education. p. 75–84.
41.
Zetou E, Tzetzis G, Vernadakis N, Kioumourtzoglou E. Modeling in learning two volleyball skills. Vol. 94, Perceptual and Motor Skills. p. 1131–42.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
