More articles from Volume 16, Issue 2, 2024
Assessment of proprioceptive and kinesthetic memory in shoulder joint using KEMTAI software system
The relationship between primitive reflex profile and development of vestibular maturity in early school years
Physical Activity and Mental Well-Being of Adolescents: Lessons Learned from the COVID-19
Subjective assessment of sedentary behavior between theory and practice: Pilot study using the “Sedentary meter”
Effects of rhythmic-based exercise program in children
The underpinning of the evaluation of aerobic endurance based on methods established in the late 20th century: A systematic review
,
Igor Beretić
Sport, Faculty of Sport and Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Psychology , Novi Sad , Serbia
,
Dušan Stupar
Sport, Faculty of Sport and Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Psychology , Novi Sad , Serbia
Romana Romanov
Contact Romana Romanov
Sport, Faculty of Sport and Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Psychology , Novi Sad , Serbia
Abstract
This systematic review aims to analyze the validity (invasive and noninvasive protocols) of aerobic endurance evaluation methods established in the late 20th century and their practical application in creating training series in different sports events. The PRISMA system was used for systematic review. It was identified that high number of studies support the concept of the evaluation of aerobic endurance, i.e., aerobic threshold (AnT), in terms of its significance for the determination of training series and training intensity aimed at aerobic endurance improvement. During the protocol of testing and construction of the lactate curve (La – work capacity), the method based on sampling and measurement of lactate concentration in blood is given priority as a more valid instrument for AnT determination than the method based on ventilatory parameters and heart frequency. Authors note that the parameters based on which AnT is determined are expressed in different units of measure (m/min, km/h, ml/kg/min) so that AnT, as such, does not only represent the measure of aerobic endurance but also the measure of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and mechanical efficiency. The results of the study indicate that terms related to AnT should be removed from official use. More precisely, researchers and coaches focus on a method related to the interpretation of the lactate curve (at a certain %VO2max) to determine whether there has been an improvement (or not) in aerobic endurance based on its displacement (to the right or to the left).
Keywords
References
Aunola, S., & Rusko, H. (1986). Aerobic and anaerobic thresholds determined from venous lactate and from ventilation and gas exchange in relation to muscle fiber composition. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, 161–166.
Beneke, R. (1995). Anaerobic threshold, individual anaerobic threshold and maximal lactate steady state in rowing. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27, 86–87.
Billat, V., Dalmay, F., Antonini, M. T., & Chassain, A. P. (1994). A method for determining the maximal steady state of blood lactate concentration from two levels of submaximal exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 69, 196–202.
Bishop, D., Jenkins, D. G., & Mackinnon, L. T. (1998). The relationship between plasma lactate parameters, Wpeak and 1-h cycling performance in woman. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(8), 1270–1275.
Boulay, M. R., Hamen, P., & Simoneau, J. A. (1984). A test of anaerobic capacity: description and reliability. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 9, 122–126.
Bourgois, J., & J, V. (1998). The Conconi test: a controversial concept for the determination of the anaerobic threshold in young rowers. International Journal of Sports, Medicine,19, 553–559.
Brooks, G. A. (1985). Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and direction of future research. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 17, 22–31.
Burke, J., Thayer, R., & Belcamino, M. (1994). Comparison of effects of two interval-training programmes on lactate and ventilatory thresholds. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 18–21.
Carter, H., Jones, A. M., & Doust, J. H. (1999). Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 957–967.
Cellini, M., Vitiello, P., Nagliati, A., Ziglio, P. G. C., & F. (1986). Non-invasive determination of the anaerobic threshold in swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, 347–351.
Cheng, B., Kuipers, H., Snyder, A. C., Keizer, H. A., Jeukendrup, A., & Hesselink, M. (1992). A new approach for the determination of ventilatory and lactate tresholds. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(7), 518–522.
Conconi, F., Ferrari, M., Zigilo, P. D., Droghetti, P., & Codeca, L. (1982). Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a non-invasive field test in runners. Journal of Applied Physiology, 52, 34–43.
Conconi, F., Grazzi, G., Casoni, I., Gulielmini, C., Borsetto, C. M., & F. (1996). The Conconi test: methodology after 12 years of application. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17, 509–519.
Connett, R. J., Gayeski, T. E., & Honing, C. R. (1984). Lactate accumulation in fully aerobic, working dog gracillis muscle. American Physiological Society, 24, 120–128.
Davis, H. A., & Gass, G. C. (1979). Blood lactate concentration during incremental work before and after maximum exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 13, 165–169.
Davis, J. A., Vodak, P., Wilmore, J. H., Vodak, J., & Kurtz, P. (1976). Anaerobic threshold and maximal aerobic power for three modes of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 41, 544–550.
Dekerle, J., Baron, B., Dupont, L., Vanvelcenaher, J., & Pelayo, P. (2003). Maximal lactate steady state, respiratory compensation threshold and critical power. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 281–288.
Droghetti, P., Borsetto, C., Casoni, I., Cellini, M., Ferrari, M., Paolini, A. R., Zigilio, P. G., & Conconi, F. (1985). Non-invasive determination of the anaerobic threshold in canoeing, cross-country skiing, cycling, roller and ice skating, rowing and walking. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 53, 299–303.
Gladden, L. B., Yates, W., Stremel, R. W., & Stamford, B. A. (1985). Gas exchange and lactate anaerobic thresholds: inter- and intraevaluator agreement. Journal of Applied Physiology, 58(6), 2082–2089.
Heck, H., Mader, A., Hess, G., Mucke, S., Muller, R., & Hollmann, W. (1985). Justification of the 4 mmol/l lactate threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(3), 117–130.
Hermansen, L., & Stenvold, I. (1972). Production and removal of lactate during exercise in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 89, 191–201.
Holmann, W., Rost, R., Liesen, H., Dufaux, B., Hecke, H., & Mader, A. (1981). Assessment of different forms of physical activity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(2), 67–80.
Hughson, R. L., K.H., W., & G.D, S. (1987). Blood lactate concentration increases as a continuous function in progressive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 62(5), 1975–1981.
Hugues, E. F., Turner, S. C., & Brooks, G. A. (1982). Effects of glycogen depletion and pedaling speed on anaerobic threshold. Journal of Applied Physiology, 52(6), 1598–1605.
Hurley, B. F. (1984). Effect of training on blood lactate level during submaximal exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 56(5), 1260–1264.
Ivy, J. L., Withers, R. T., Handel, P. J., Elger, D. H., & D.L, C. (1980). Muscle respiratory capacity and fiber type as determinants of the lactate threshold. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 48, 523–527.
Jeukendrup, A. E., Hesselink, M. K. C., Kuipers, H., & Keizer, H. A. (1997). The Conconi test. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 393–394.
Jones, A. M., & Doust, J. H. (1997). The Conconi test is not valid for estimation of the lactate turn point in runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15, 385–394.
Kang, J., Chaloupka, E. C., Mastrangelo, M. A., Biren, G. B., & Robertson, R. J. (2001). Physiological comparisons among three maximal treadmill exercise protocols in trained and untrained individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 84(4), 291–295.
Kayser, B. (1996). Lactate during exercise at high altitude. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 74, 195–205.
Keul, J., Simon, G., Berg, A., Dickhuth, H. H. G., i, & Kuebel, R. (1979). Bestimmung der individuellen anaeroben schwelle zur leistungsbewertung und trainingsgestaltung [Determination of the individual anaerobic threshold for performance assessment and training design. Deutsche Zeitschrift Fur Sportmedizin, 30(7), 212–218.
LaFontaine, T. P., Londeree, B. R., & Spath, W. K. (1981). The maximal steady state vs selected running events. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 13(3), 190–193.
Londeree, B. (1997). Effect of training on lactate/ventilatory thresholds: a meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(6), 837–843.
Moritani, T., & DeVries, H. A. (1997). Anaerobic threshold determination by surface electromyography. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 12, 86.
Noakes, T. D. (1997). Challenging beliefs: ex Africa semper aliquid novi. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29, 571–590.
Oyono-Enguelle, S., Heitz, A., Marbach, J., Ott, C., Gartner, M., Pape, A., Vollmer, J. C., & Freund, H. (1990). Blood lactate during constant load exercises at aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 60(5), 321–330.
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., & Hoffmann. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 1–9.
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P.-M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., & Mulrow, C. D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ Research Methods & Reporting, 372, 71.
Palgi, Y., Gutin, B., Young, J., & Alejandro, D. (1984). Physiologic and anthropometric factors underlying endurance performance in children. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(2), 67–73.
Palka, M. J., & Rogozinski, A. (1986). Standards and predicted values of anaerobic threshold. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 54, 643–646.
Péronnet, F., Thibault, G., Rhodes, E. C., & McKenzie, D. C. (1987). Correlation between ventilatory threshold and endurance capability in marathon runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 19(6), 610–615.
Petit, M. A., Nelson, C. M., & Rhodes, E. C. (1997). Comparison of a mathematical model to predict 10 km performance from the Conconi test and ventilatory thresholds measurements. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 22(6), 562–572.
Pokan, R., Hofmann, P., Lehmann, M., Leitner, H., Eber, B., gasser, R., Schwaberger, G., Schmid, P., Keul, j, & Klein, W. (1995). Heart rate deflection related to lactate performance curve and plasma catecholamine response during incremental cycle ergometer exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 70(2), 175–179.
Ribeiro, J. P., Hughes, V., Fielding, R. A., Holden, W., Evans, W., & Knuttgen, H. G. (1986). Metabolic and ventilatory response to steady state exercise relative to lactate thresholds. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 55(2), 215–221.
Scheen, A., Juchmes, J., & Cession-Fossion, A. (1981). Critical analysis of the “Anaerobic threshold” during exercise at constant workloads. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 46(4), 367–377.
Simon, G., Berg, A., Dickhuth, H. H., Simon-Alt, A., & Keull, J. (1981). Bestimmung der anaeroben hwelle in abhangigkeit vom alter und von der leistungshigkeit [Determination of the anaerobic threshold depending on age and performance level. Deutsche Zeitschrift Fur Sportmedizin, 32(1), 7–14.
Sjödin, B., & Jacobs, I. (1981). Onset of blood lactate accumulation and marathon running performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2, 123–135.
Skinner, J. S., & McLellan, T. H. (1980). The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 5(1), 234–248.
Snyder, A. C., Woulfe, T., Welsh, R., & Foster, C. (1994). A simplified approach to estimating the maximal lactate steady state. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(1), 27–31.
Stegmann, H., W., K., & Schabel, A. (1981). Lactate kinetics and individual anaerobic threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(3), 160–165.
Sucec, A. A., Ponton, L. J., Tucker, S., & Macy, R. (1985). Validity of gas exchange indices as a measure of anaerobic threshold on the treadmill. Exercise Physiology: Current Selected Research, 2, 31–43.
The EndNote Team. EndNote. (2013).
Thorland, W., Podolin, D. A., & Mazzeo, R. S. (1984). Coincidence of lactate threshold and HR-power output threshold under varied nutritional states. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(6), 301–304.
Tokmakidis, S. P. (1990). Anaerobic threshold in perspective: physiological, methodological and practical implications of the concept.
Tokmakidis, S. P., Leger, L. A., & Pilianidis, T. C. (1998). Failure to obtain a unique threshold on the blood lactate concentration curve during exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 77(4), 333–342.
Urhausen, A., Coen, B., Weiler, B., & W, K. (1993). Individual anaerobic threshold and maximal lactate steady state. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14(3), 134–139.
Walker, J., & Eisenman, P. (1995). Validity of heart rate inflection point or a 3.2-kilometer performance pace as estimators of maximal steady state running velocity in high school runners. Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation, 6, 215–222.
Wasserman, K., Beaver, W. L., Davis, J. A., Pu, J. Z., Heber, D., & Whipp, B. J. (1985). Lactate, pyruvate, and lactate to pyruvate ratio during exercise and recovery. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59(3), 935–940.
Wasserman, K., & McIlroy, M. B. (1964). Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise. American Journal of Cardiology, 14, 844–852.
Wasserman, K., Whipp, B. J., Koyl, S. N., & Beaver, W. L. (1973). Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 35(2), 236–243.
Whipp, B. J., Davis, J. A., Torres, F., & Wasserman, K. (1981). A test to determine the parameters of aerobic function during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 50(1), 217–221.
Williams, J. R., & Armstrong, N. (1991). The influence of age and sexual maturation on children’s blood lactate response to exercise. Pediatric Exercise Science, 3, 111–120.
Worms, F., Kozariszcuk, G., & Hunger, K. L. (1985). Untersuchungen zur Herzschlagfre-quenz im aerob-anaeroben Übergang bei der Fahrradergometrie im mittleren und hohen Lebensalter. [Investigations into heart rate in the aerobic-anaerobic transition during bicycle ergometry in middle and old age. Medizin Und Sport, 25, 85–91.
Wyndham, C. H., Strydom, N. B., Maroitz, J. S., Morrison, J. F., Peter, J., & Potigieter, Z. U. (1959). Maximum oxygen intake and maximum heart rate during strenuous work. Journal of Applied Physiology, 14, 927–936.
Yeh, M. P., Gardner, R. M., Adams, T. D., Yanowitz, F. G., & Crapo, R. O. (1983). Anaerobic threshold, problems of determination and validation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55(4, 1178–1186.
Yoshida, T., Nagata, A., Muro, M., Takeuchi, N., & Suda, Y. (1981). The validity of the anaerobic threshold determination by Douglas bag method coupled with arterial blood lactate concentration. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 46(4), 423–430.
(1983). Optimizing the exercise protocol for cardiopulmonary assessment. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55, 558–564.
Citation
Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article metrics
Google scholar:
See link
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
