The aim of the study was to examine practical implications and actual effects of the 8-week progressive resistance exercise protocol with the custom-made inertial device on sit-to-stand, 6- MWT, functional reach, up-and-go test results and Rate of Perceived exertion (RPE) among older adult women (age 65-74). Thirty-seven healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 11) and to two exercise – inertial (n = 12) and traditional (n = 14) – groups. The participants performed hip belt squats on the inertial device and kettlebell squats, respectively. Exercise intensity was relatively adjusted using mass moment of inertia (MMI) of the cylindrical weight and %1RM. Time under tension was equalized between groups by the type of the exercise executed. Tests were performed before and after the intervention. Moreover, RPE was monitored after each exercise set. We used two-way repeated measures ANOVA to assess exercise-related differences in test results and to assess intensityrelated differences in RPE. The Senior Fitness Test results significantly differed in pre and post measurements, regardless of the group. A significant time x group interaction was only found in Sit-to-stand test results. RPE results significantly varied from each other across intensities. Statistically different results among groups were only found at the highest intensity (70%). The results indicate that inertial resistance exercise using the novel exercise intensity determination on the inertial device is a useful and less strenuous alternative to traditional resistance exercise among older adult women while performing squats.
Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength testing -predicting a one-rep max from reps to fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, 1, 88–90.
Buckley, J., & Borg, G. (2011). Borg’s scales in strength training; from theory to practice in young and older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 5, 682–692.
Cadore, E., Rodriguez-Manas, L., Sinclair, A., & Maroto-Izquierdo, M. (2013). Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability and balance in physically frail older adults: a systematic review. Rejuvenation Research, 2, 105–114.
Carroll, K., Wagle, J., Sato, K., Taber, C., Yoshida, N., Bingham, G., & Stone, M. (2018). Characterising overload in inertial flywheel devices for use in exercise training. Sports Biomechanics, 1–12.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analyses for the Behavioral Sciences. 2.
Duchateau, J., & Baudry, S. (2013). Insights into the neural control of eccentric contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 11, 1418–1425. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00002.2013
Ebner, N., Sliziuk, V., Scherbakov, N., & Sandek, A. (2015). Muscle wasting and ageing and chronic illness. ESC Heart Failure, 58–68.
Enoka, R. (1996). Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system. Journal of Applied Physiology, 6, 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2339
Flanagan, S., Salem, G., Wang, M., Sanker, S., & Greendale, G. (2003). Squatting exercises and older adults: kinematic and kinetic comparisons. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 4, 635–643.
Häkkinen, K., Alen, M., Kallinen, M., Newton, R., & Kraemer, W. (2000). Neuromuscular adaptation during prolonged strength training, detraining and restrength-training and middle-aged and elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol, 1, 51–62.
Hazell, T., Kenno, K., & Jakobi, J. (2007). Functional benefit of power training for older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 349–359.
Herzog, W. (2018). Why are muscles strong, and why do they require little energy in eccentric action. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 255–264.
Lee, & Park, S. (2013). Balance improvement by strength training for the elderly. J. Phys. Ther. Sci, 1591–1593.
Maroto-Izquierdo, S., García-López, D., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., Moreira, O., González-Gallego, J., & De Paz, J. (2017). Skeletal muscle functional and structural adaptations after eccentric overload flywheel resistance training: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Science and Medicine and Sport, 10, 943–951.
Martinez-Aranda, L., Fernandez-Gonzalo, M., & R. (2017). Effects of inertial setting on power, force, work and eccentric overload during flywheel resistance exercise in women and men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 6, 1653–1661.
Mla: Spudić, & Darjan. (2019). Influence of inertial resistance squat exercise protocol based on novel exercise intensity determination on physical fitness of older adult women. Exercise and Quality of Life, 29–36.
Morishita, S., Yamauchi, S., Fujisawa, C., & Domen. (2013). Rating of perceived exertion for quantification of the intensity of resistance exercise. Int J Phys Med Rehabil, 9, 1–4.
Naczk, M., Naczk, A., Brzenczek-Owczarzak, W., Arlet, J., & Adach, Z. (2016). Efficacy of inertial training in elbow joint muscles: influence of different movement velocities. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 3, 223–231.
Narici, M., & Maganaris, C. (2006). Adaptability of elderly human muscles and tendons to increased loading. J Anat, 4, 433–443.
Norrbrand, L. (2008). Acute and early chronic responses to resistance exercise using flywheel or weights. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet. Department of physiology and pharmacology.
Norrbrand, L., Fluckey, D., Pozzo, M., & Tesch, P. (2008). Resistance training using eccentric overload induces early adaptations and skeletal muscle size. Eur J Appl Physiol, 271–281.
Norrbrand, L., Pozzo, M., & Tesch. (2010). Flywheel resistance training calls for greater eccentric muscle activation than weight training. Eur J Appl Physiol, 997–1005.
Onambele, G., Maganaris, C., Mian, O., Tam, E., Rejc, E., Mcewan, I., & Narici, M. (2008). Neuromuscular and balance responses to flywheel inertial versus weight training and older persons. Journal of Biomechanics, 15, 3133–3138.
Petré, H., Wernstål, H., & Mattsson, C. (2018). Effects of flywheel training on strength-related variables: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine -Open, 55, 1–15.
Power, G., Herzog, W., & Rice, C. (2014). Decay of force transients following active stretch is slower in older than young men: Support for a structural mechanism contributing to residual force enhancement in old age. Journal of Biomechanics, 13, 3423–3427.
Rikli, R., & Jones. (2013). SFT Manual -Second Edition.
Sabido, R., Hernández-Davó, J., & Pereyra-Gerber. (2017). Influence of different inertial loads on basic training variables during the flywheel squat exercise. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1–30.
Singh, D., Pillai, S., Tan, Tai, C., & Shahar, S. (2015). Association between physiological falls risk and physical performance tests among communitydwelling older adults. Clinical Interventions and Aging, 1319–1326.
Spudić, D., Hadžić, V., Vodičar, J., Carruthers, J., & Pori, P. (2019). Influence of inertial resistance squat exercise protocol based on novel exercise intensity determination on physical fitness of older adult women. Exercise and Quality of Life, 1, 29–36.
Spudić, D., Pori, P., Cvitkovič, R., Smajla, D., & Ferligoj, A. (2018). Validity and reliability of inertial device for measuring resistance exercise variables. Šport, 3–4, 135–140.
The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone. (2018).
Wade, L., Lichtwark, G., Farris, D., Hadžić, D., Vodičar, V., Carruthers, J., Pori, J., & P. (2018). Influence of inertial resistance squat exercise protocol based on novel exercise intensity determination on physical fitness of older adult women. Exercise and Quality of Life, 1, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20387-0
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
