Physical education has an important role in students' preparation for lifelong fitness
participation. Since swimming is considered as one of the most beneficial fitness activities,
swimming competencies, including knowledge of safety routines, should be developed
through physical education classes. In order to examine swimming competencies of
elementary and secondary school students, the cross-sectional study was conducted. The
sample consisted of 143 students of both gender (71 elementary school students, 72 secondary
school students). The previously used questionnaire was modified (Moran, 2006) and the data
concerning selfevaluation of swimming skills, safety information resources and life saving
skills are presented. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results suggest that there are
no significant differences between elementary and secondary school students in
selfevaluations of swimming skills, but they differ in safety information resources they use.
Schools fail in their mission to educate and develop students' swimming competencies. 

The aim of the study was to give more informations about jumping abilities of young
female gymnasts. We examine age-related differences in some variables of counter-movement
jump (CMJ) and counter-movement jump with arm swing (CMJA), between two age categories
of young female gymnasts (n=47) and also reliability of testing vertical jump in gymnasts. The
study was conducted on an international competition. Our research has shown that age-related
differences were observed only in height of the jumps, but not in power output of both jumps and
displacement of depth of body’s center of gravity. Jumping capabilities are crucial in gymnastics
in all levels of competitions and in all categories of gymnasts. Testing and periodical monitoring
of young athletes’ abilities are important for defining the training programmes adapted to the
needs of gymnastics and the age of the gymnasts.

This study presents the results of the analysis of the effects of body composition on the
manifestation of static strength in girls of lower elementary school age. The sample consisted
of 63 girls aged seven. All the girls were from Subotica and attend elementary schools. Height
was measured by the use of Martin’s anthropometer, weight was measured by the use of InBody
230. The measures of body composition (body fat, total body water and skeletal muscle mass)
were assessed by InBody 230, a device which functions on the base of bioelectrical impedance.
The static strength of arms and shoulder area was assessed by „Bent-arm hang” test. The results
pointed to the statistically significant effects of the body composition on the manifestation of static
strength in girls of lower elementary school age. 

On the basis of recently published experimental results of Abramowitch et al. (2004), dealing
with viscoelastic properties of sham operated and healing MCL, we show that the fractional Zener
model of viscoelastic body seems to be very tractable tool for rheological description of different
states of biological tissues. In this paper medial collateral ligament of the knee will be described
by means of the method of Dankuc et al. 2010, who examined middle ear structures and ramp-and
hold stress relaxation experiments. Two different states of MCL were described by four different
constants representing modulus of elasticity, the order of fractional derivative and two relaxation
constants. Predictions of the model are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Coordination as complex motor ability in preschool age represents a base for development of other abilities and thus point out their relationships with overall motor development of a child. The goal of this research is to analyze the relationship of coordination with motor abilities and anthropometric characteristics of preschool girls. In a sample of 197 girls aged from 4 – 6 years, seven tests of motor skills were applied and five anthropometric measures. Using standard multiple regression, a statistically significant correlation between motor abilities/anthropometric characteristics and coordination of preschool girls was identified. The system of motor and anthropometric variables as a whole explains 41% of variance of the depended variable. Among the variables of the predictor system, the best predictors of girls’ performance on coordination test, were the following variables: hand tapping, standing broad jump and abdominal skinfold. The results suggest that the preschool girls’ motor skills are related in a specific way and that coordination has a large impact on other motor skills. 

Each woman has different characteristics of menstrual cycle. The main problem is the
determination of period in which the measuring would be carried out, so that the results could be
directly linked to a certain hormone or phase of the menstrual cycle. Generally it could be said
that menstrual cycle does not influence muscle contractility and maximum oxygen consumption,
lactate level, heart rate, breathing volume, hemoglobin levels. Therefore, women who compete in
anaerobic and aerobic sports do not have to adjust competition schedules to their menstrual cycle.
On the other hand the increase of body temperature in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle,
possible cardiovascular strain in this phase, influence of progesterone on the respiratory center,
the rise of breathing frequency and volume can have negative influence on long-term intensive
sport activities. For this sort of activity female athletes are recommended to adjust their
competition schedule to menstrual cycle.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the anthropometric parameters and cardiopulmonary functions of young handball players in different playing positions. 15 male handball players from first division (mean age: 16.06±0.63 yrs) participated in our research who were divided by their playing positions. First anthropometric parameters, body composition and pulmonary functions in rest were measured. Then physiological changes of the players were tested with Bruce protocol. We found that wings differed the most in morphological characteristics from other players. We did not find significant differences in pulmonary functions among positions. The highest values of Tidal volume in the vita maxima test were found in pivots (2.82±0.15 l) which is significantly higher than Tidal volume of goalkeepers (p=0.006). The highest mean value of maximal oxygen uptake was recorded (73.93±9.41 ml/kg/min) in wings. Altogether in our study important differences were seen in physique and in performance also among young handball players. 

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the body structure and physical
fitness of Finnish (n=26), Hungarian (n=42) and American (n=55) adolescents (N=123). Height,
weight, skinfolds, body fat percentages, circumferences and widths were recorded to define the
somatotypological characteristics and growth type of subjects. To define adolescents’ healthrelated fitness the Eurofit Fitness Test Battery was used. Differences between the ethnic groups in
terms of body composition and motoric performance were analyzed with ANOVA. The prevalence
of overweight was 9.3 % among Hungarians, 23.07% among Finns and 38.2 % among Americans.
PLX is lower (F=10.941, P=0.002) in the Hungarian group compared to the Finnish adolescents.
Finnish adolescents have higher VO2max in both sexes (34.98±4.08; 41.03±4.06 ml/kg/min)
despite the fact that they have higher body fat than Hungarians. Comparison between the different
ethnic groups suggests that adolescents need higher amount and intensity of training to achieve the
proper physical activity level.

Hypokinesia is characterized by high expansion and indicates the necessity of physical
activity promotion. The aim of the study was to point out the positive effect of physical activity,
by examining the impact of recreational physical activity on women’s mental and physical health
and quality of life. The study included 87 healthy women, 30 in aerobics group, 30 in yoga group
and 27 in a group of physically inactive women aged 20–26 years. The level of physical activity,
health and psychological status and quality of life in women were measured by anonymous
questionnaire. The results were correlated between the three groups of participants and between
active and inactive women. Recreational physical activity proved to be a good way to improve
overall health and quality of life. Exercise reduces tension, stress, nervousness and irritability,
improves the mood and sleep quality.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of antagonist maximum voluntary
isometric contraction on the torque and the rate of torque development of the agonist muscles in
ankle joint in trained and untrained women at 0° angle joint. Twelve untrained and twelve trained
women handball player participated in the study. An isokinetic dynamometer CYBEX Norm was
used for the evaluation of torque. Initially the Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC)
both for plantar(PF) and dorsi flexors(DF) was evaluated. Afterwards the subjects performed 3
maximal isometric contractions of plantar flexor for 1 second, with 1 minute break between trials.
After 10 minutes complete rest, 3 consecutive maximal dorsiflexion contractions and immediately
after that three maximal PF contraction were performed for the evaluation of the reversal effect
DF on PF. The following parameters were evaluated before and after DF contraction:Plantar
flexion MVIC, Maximal Rate of Torque Development (MRTD), time of MRTD and the RTD
for the period 0–30, 0–50, 0–100 and 0–200 ms after the torque onset. The statistical analysis
showed that the reversal effect was presented only for the trained group for the MRTD and RTD
0–30. These results demonstrated that the existence of the reversal effect of the antagonists is not
appeared always in untrained groups and especially for the joint angle it is affected by the training
background only for selective parameters of muscle contraction.