The aim of the study was to determine if and to what extent equal point of view of
spouses regarding recreation can be seen as a significant indicator of the quality and stability
of marital relationship in our society. For this purpose 436 women, who live in marriage or
non-marital cohabitation, aged 19- 64, were tested. The differences among the tested women
who share the same attitude about recreation with their spouses and those who do not, were
tested by discriminatory analysis regarding the following: different demographic variables, general satisfaction with the marriage and marital relationship, different aspects of the quality
of the marital relationship, style of affectional bond, marital locus of control, differences in
judgement of personal and spouseís values, presence of stressful events, strategies for
overcoming the stress, stability of the marriage and intention to seek professional
psychological help. Statistically significant discriminatory factor (rc=0.54; p= 0.00) was
obtained which is interpreted as harmonious in contrast to the conflict prone marital
relationship. The main conclusion of the research is that the spousal approval of recreation
represents a good indicator of general harmony in a marital relationship.

The research deals with cross-section analysis of ontogenetic characteristics of basic
kinematic parameters of the running stride in terms of age and gender from 7 to 18 years of
age. There were monitored: average velocity, stride frequency and length, duration of support
and flying phase, as well as other derived indicators at 10 m with 15 m flying start. Sample
consisted of 1299 male and 1288 female students of elementary and high schools in
Bratislava. Authors determined high age dependency of running speed and stride length on
age. On the other hand, there was high ontogenetic stability of the indicators (stride
frequency, duration of support and flying phase) in the population of 7 to 18 year-old youth. Ontogenetically stable parameters deteriorated partially in prepubescent and at the beginning
of the pubescent period in the age 11 ñ 15. This relates to rapid growth of body height and
weight and deterioration of biomechanical and coordination conditions of an organism. Those
finding lead the authors to the conclusion, that ontogenetically stable indicators comprise so
called dispositional factors in evaluating the rate of talent for running speed.

It is well established that warm-up sessions are very important and essential part of every
swimming competition. There is much evidence which tells how strong the influence of these
sessions on swimming performance is. Although there are many suggestions about content of
warm-up sessions in swimming, their duration and intensity, there are no clear conclusions about
all segments of warm-up. Because of that many researchers tried to reveal how good warm-up
sessions should look like. In this study 8 male and 4 female competitive swimmers aged 19 to 26
were tested. They were asked to swim three different warm-up sessions followed by 100 meters
performance with maximal intensity. Before trial number 1 they performed long duration warm- up session, before trial 2 short duration warm-up session and before trial 3 they were asked to
perform warm-up session with high intensity. The recovery time between each warm-up session
and the performance was 5 minutes and during these 5 minutes. ANOVA with Repeated
Measures was used to test the differences in the performance that swimmers achieved after three
different warm up sessions. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The results showed that
there was not significant difference in the performance after long duration and short duration
warm-up sessions (p=1). On the other hand the difference in the performance on the trial 1 and
trial 3 was significant (p=.02). Furthermore, the difference between trial 2 and trial 3 was
significant as well (p=.03). Duration of the warm up session did not have significant influence on
the performance. On the other hand, the results showed that the intensity of the warm-up has big
influence on the performance. High intense warm-up without appropriate recover can cause drop
in the result. More research needs to be done on this topic with many different conditions.

Aerobic fitness, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance are synonyms for work
capacity, which itself is an important prerequisite for the health and life of every man. The
purpose of this research was to identify the trend of aerobic fitness of students in the last 15
years. The Survey method, which implies nonexperimental crossectional research, was used. The
instrument is UKK 2km, walking test. The total sample consisted of 605 subjects (389 males, 216 females), students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, aged 18-28 years. They were
divided into three groups, according to when they were tested, the first group was tested in the
period 1997-2000 (N = 299), the other was tested from 2001-2004 (N = 200), the third was
tested in 2012 (N = 106). Analysis of the results showed a decreasing trend in fitness index of
male students with 104.1 to 77.3, and of the female students from 96.4 to 84.8. T-tests confirmed
differences in fitness index, at the level of p<0.05 for both sexes. The maximum oxygen
consumption among male students declined from 51.3 to 40.3 ml/kg/min, and among female
students from 37.5 to 33.7 ml/kg/min. The results indicate toward decreasing trend in students' aerobic fitness in both sexes, but the trend is less pronounced in female students. Students of
both sexes have fitness index values below the standard norms of the Swedish population. According to the criteria of Cooper oxygen consumption students have moved from the
ìExcellentî to the ìVery goodî category. The general trend of decreasing aerobic fitness of the
population can be seen in the sport and physical education students, as a consequence of lifestyle
in which there is not enough adequate physical activity.

The aim of this study is to determine the motivational structure of youths for practicing
sports. The research included 60 participants, of both sexes, all aged between 13 and 16. The
survey method was applied. The research results showed the following facts: that intrinsic
motivation is the main instigator for practicing sports and 58.33% of the participants personally
made the decision to start doing sports. As for the structure of motives, health is in the first place
of importance, followed by love for sports, then success, friendship, popularity and good looks. Money as primary motive is penultimate instigator, while fun is the last main motive for doing
sports. The hierarchy of motives for initial involvement in sports activities does not differ on the
basis of gender. Children are most intensively involved in sports between 6 and 10 years of age. The main conclusion of the research is that coaches should improve the consciousness of
practicing sports for the purposes of fun and friendship.

In recent years Italian primary school, as called in the past time elementary school, that goes between 5 years old to 10, has been updated in the ministerial documents relating to the educational activities. At the same time, recent discoveries about the brain have changed the scientific bases on which are based educational psycho-pedagogy theories concerning movement learning on motor control system such as closed loop, open loop and motor imagery. The purpose of this work is to identify into the ministerial documents regarding the educational activities such as aspects of psycho-pedagogy in the field of body and movement research that relates to neurological and scientific discoveries on motor control and movement learning. The method of research is mixed: theoretical-argumentative approach about scientific paradigms regarding the motor learning in the early years of life and historical-documentary one about the ministerial documents relating to the teaching activities. The results did not carry out particular aspects of education and didactics that can be connected to the new neuro-scientific theories and suggest to update them. All ministerial documents published do not provide any reference to recent discoveries related to the theory of movement and to correlate these according to didactics of motor activities. It may be useful to deepen further the study and deliver the results to the governmental Experts for the necessary updates to fill up the vacuum. 

A basic posture is thought to be inherited, but it can be modified by environmental factors such as illness, age, physical activity, living conditions, physical environment, diet, and many others. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in postural status between trained athletes and untrained children of the same age. The population sample included boys aged 8-10 years from elementary schools in the city of Novi Sad, as well as from sport clubs in the same area. They were assigned to either of the three groups: A) pupils participating in an individual sport (N=50); B) pupils participating in a team sport (N=51), and C) pupils attending physical education (PE) classes only (N=50)(control group). All measurements of postural status were taken using the Napoleon Wolanski method. The analyses showed that the situation in the control group is rather worrisome, where postural status is very poor. The weakest links are the abdominal muscles, but also the head, shoulders, shoulder blades, spine, feet and legs. 

The investigation aimed to determine if sport motivation for engagement to the sitting volleyball differed between groups of participants, sorted by 6 criterions. 88 athletes (M: 83 and F: 5) participated in this research, including sitting volleyball players in origin from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Greece. The data are collected using the Sitting Volleyball Participation Survey, which is modified version of Disability Sport Participation Questionaire (Wu, & Williams, 2001), designed for investigation of motives for sport participation among persons with disability. Descriptive statistics and Non parametric Mann- Whitney-U test within the SPSS 16.0, were used for statistical analysis. The results inicated that motiv of Socialisation (78.8 %) is the prime factor of sitting volleyball participation. Statistically significant differences between chosen groups of participants haven't been found, except the fact that players who experienced injury in younger age emphasize the importance of sport competition for their sport participation.

The article intends to show the impact of a pedagogical proposal in Physical Education (PE). The proposal was focussed on autonomy, personal and social responsibility, and decision-making in order to prepare the individual to be able to keep an active lifestyle, in terms of exercising, after finishing compulsory education. This proposal could be considered as an interactive teaching model (Blanchard, 2009) in which the students play an active and reflexive role in all the decisions taken during the teaching-learning process. Also, it shares aspects with the Sport Education model by Daryl Siedentop and the Social and Personal Responsibility model by Don Hellison. The research is a longitudinal study that used an ethnographic methodology to study the teaching-learning process of a mixed group of 25 students led by a PE teacher at a school in CataluÒa, Spain. The aim was to learn about studentsí opinion on their learning in PE lessons, their current exercise habits and their own autonomy and initiative to keep on exercising. The results show that the specific learning environment, the personality of the teacher, the teacher- student relationship, the strategies and the contents had had a significant impact on students. This impact exceeded any expectations related to concepts of physically active lifestyles and it included aspects of social awareness, responsibility, respect, empathy and recognition of the importance of PE in their lives.

Physical activity (PA) levels of community-dwelling adults aged 60 and over were assessed in Greece, in order to determine age and gender effects. PA was assessed using the PA Scale for the Elderly in 591 persons (287 males and 304 females), (Ã=74.04, SD=5.46). Participants were assigned into two age groups: A=65-75 and B=76-86 years. According to two way ANOVA, no significant differences were reported in total PA between men and women (p>.05) even though a significant age effect was reported with participants in Group A having higher scores than participants in Group B (p<.001). Men reported greater participation in recreational activities of moderate intensity (p<.001) and in exercises for muscular strength and endurance (p<.05). Women were more active in PA related to household (p<.001). Age effects resulted in favor of older adults in Group A 61-70 years when compared to older adults in Group B for walking, for recreational activities and for housework (p<.001). In conclusion, both gender and age affect PA participation of older adults in Greece.