The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between morphological
characteristics and motor abilities of boys and girls aged from 11 to 14 so that the process of
physical education could be in line with the dynamics of growth and development as well as
the differences between the sexes. The total sample consisted of 730 subjects, divided into
four age groups of 11, 12, 13 and 14. Eight motor tests were conducted and 9 anthropometric
measures were taken. The boys of all ages achieved better results in tests of coordination, repetitive and explosive power, while girls of all age groups scored better in flexibility tests. The largest differences between the sexes at the ages of 11 and 12 years were the results of
variables evaluating motor abilities. At the age of 13, a significant difference in skinfold
thickness was found in favor of girls and at the age of 14 in the voluminousness in favor of
boys. In boys aged from 13 and 14, the increase in body volume was negatively correlated
with the increase in skinfold thickness, indicating that the increase of voluminousness is
caused by the increase of muscle mass. It is therefore concluded that the linear increase of the
differences in motor performance tests under 14 years of age is caused by increased muscle
mass in boys, especially in tests where achievement depends on the strength and production
of force.

The aim of this study is to determine the differences in certain morphological
characteristics and thigh muscle force of bounce leg between football players and
goalkeepers. The examined group consisted of 15 goalkeepers and 14 players, aged 15 ñ 18
years, from Vojvodina cadet league. Five parameters were tested by means of isokinetic
dynamometer, and 6 morphological factors were measured. The differences between sub
samples were gained by multivariable and univariable analysis of variance. Multivariable
analysis was used to determine significant difference at the level (p =.00), and we determined
statistically significant difference on individual basis in body height and in muscle mass
percentage. Almost equal results in thigh muscle force of bounce leg among the subjects and
no difference in other variables can be explained by identical training process for players and
goalkeepers. The data gathered demonstrate that in the future it will be necessary to
implement different training process, specially designed for goalkeepers.

The aim of this paper is to establish the effects of an experimental treatment, so called
ìRussian complexî on explosive leg power of the basketball players belonging to the
experimental group. Explosive leg power was measured on the sample consisting of 40
basketball players from the Serbian league: 20 basketball players from the experimental group
and 20 from the control group, all aged between 16 and 18. The experimental group was the
subject of the experimental treatment, so called ìRussian complexî, which included gym
exercises and took place twice a week during the period of ten weeks. The results of the
univariate analysis of covariance indicated that the experimental programme led to a
statistically significant improvement of all three motor variables used for the evaluation of
explosive leg power (Sargent Jump Test, Standing Triple Jump and Standing Jump) in the
experimental group of examinees, in comparison to the control group. 

In static apnea discipline diver holds the breath in standstill condition. Diving
reflex represents a reaction of the body to apnea dive with responses of effectors:
bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, splenic contractions. Physiological significance
of these body changes implies reduction of oxygen consumption. The main objective of
this research is to examine characteristics of connection between heart rate changes (HR)
and changes in oxygen saturation in blood (SaO2) during apnea. A group of 15 breath
hold divers was examined. Tests were conducted during static apnea, heart rate (HR) was
measured as well as oxygen saturation in blood (SaO2). The changes in HR and SaO2
during apnea demonstrated statistically significant correlation. Higher HR values in apnea
indicate higher mental tonus during apnea which is followed by higher muscle tonus. The
consequence is a greater consumption of O2 and lower values of SaO2min. There is
statistically significant correlation between intensity of diving reflex activation and
oxygen conserving (less reduction of SaO2).

Measurement of spinal range of motion is frequently used objective approach in
assessment of patients with low back pain, also because of the ease of use. Although
emphasized, stretching of hip flexors and extensors is often performed inappropriately. We
hypothesized that subjects with reduced hip mobility will probably compensate with pronounced
spine mobility and that a significant negative correlation exist between these two entities. Fifty
one healthy adults (age 43.7 ± 15.1 years) that are regularly involved in moderate physical
activity (agility and endurance) participated in this study. Range of motion was measured by
means of goniometry and adjusted Schober method that were previously shown to be reliable
methods for spine and hip mobility assessment. The correlation between spine movements in
different anatomical planes and correlation between spine and hip mobility was calculated. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between pairs of flexibility variables. Contrary
to our expectations, analysis revealed absence of the correlation between the flexion of the trunk
and flexion of the hip. However, moderate correlations were found between flexibility parameters
related to trunk movements in different direction. Ranges of motion of the hip and of the trunk
give complementary information and cannot be predicted from one another. Therefore, mobility
of both joints/regions should be evaluated in order to get insightful information about movement
function of the lumbo-pelvic region either in the context of low back pain or sports performance.

Women generally live longer than men because of both biological and behavioural advantages; still womenís longer lives are not necessarily healthy lives. Considering that women from rural areas are often recognized as particularly vulnerable social groups concerning quality of life and physical activity, the study was conducted aiming to determine physical functioning and general health of women from urban and rural areas, as well as to examine differences between them in these health domains. Sample comprises of females aged 30 to 60 yrs, totally 146 participants (73 from urban areas, 73 from rural areas). For the purposes of this study two scales, Physical functioning and General health perceptions, from the SF-36 Health Survey. The results obtained show that significant differences between two groups of participant exist in both domains, with more positive self-perceptions of physical functioning in urban females and more positive global health perceptions in rural females. These results confirm that personal satisfaction and perception of oneís global health are affected not merely by the physical functioning, but by other health components as well.

The aim of this study was to evaluate body fat content (BF) of elite athletes obtained by two different field methods for body composition measurements and to compare it with body mass index (BMI) values. The research was conducted on 40 male athletes (20 runners and 20 handball players) and 30 non athletes. BF was calculated from the skinfold values (BFsft) and estimated using a hand-held impedance analyzer (BFbia%). Body mass index, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to stature ratio (WSR) were calculated from adequate anthropometric values. Comparing the BF content between non athletes and two different sport groups, significant difference was found in all parameters between runners and non athletes (p < 0.05). Significant difference was found between BF values of runners and handball players (p < 0.05). Runners have had significantly lower BF, estimated by both methods. They also have had significantly lower WHR and WSR (p < 0.05). In the group of athletes and non athletes with BMI higher than 25 kg/m 2 , or lower than 20 kg/m 2 , comparing with others, no significant difference was found in BFsft and WHR. BMI is not a good predictor of BF, because it does not provide specific information about body fatness, but rather body heaviness. Bioimpedance and anthropometry methods could be used to monitor non obese subjects in clinical routine and population based studies. For BF estimation in athletes, we recommend anthropometry, rather than bioimpedance because of inter individual and inter sports variations in arms length and regional masculinity.

In dance, biomechanical methodologies are used to improve aspects of dance technique. Therefore the aim of our study was to gain knowledge of the kinematic structure of the feather step in slow fox routine. Material and methods: Four top level dance couples were involved in the study. To examine the routine biomechanically we have filmed the particular dance figures by high speed camera with frequency of 50 frames per second. Subsequently, we processed and evaluated digitalized images by 2D analysis. The path of gravity and angular changes in knee joint in the particular dance figures phases were evaluated and compared between partners and pairs together. Results: Dancing couples in the same conditions reached different readings in angle of the knee joint as well as trajectory of the centre of gravity during motion.

Development of inclusive education model in Serbia, evident during last decade, is in accordance with national strategic documents and corresponding international legislative. Special role in inclusive education development belongs to intradepartmental commissions, established to implement inclusive politics at local level. In paper, the normative framework for intradepartmental commissions work is analyzed, as well as first experiences from Vojvodinaís intradepartmental commissions. According to data submitted by commissionsí coordinators from 30 local communities, the greatest challenge in commissionsí work is implementation of suggested individual plan of support. Problems with implementation could be referred to additional educational support, including physical education as well. In inclusive physical education perspective, the commissioní opinion is invaluable, because it contains a complete insight into childís needs for additional support. Identification of barriers child and its family is faced with, as well as supports they have in educational domain, presents the first step in inclusive teaching planning. Data obtained show that within children referred to commissions boys, primary school children and mentally disturbed individuals, represent a majority.

The Outdoor activities course is an important and very specific segment of study programs which prepare future teachers of physical education and recreation, instructors and similar professional profiles. With the purpose of creating a new concept of course or improve the existing one according to the attitude college students have to the Outdoor activities course, students of the Faculty and Sport and Physical Education were surveyed. The sample consisted of 191 college students of both gender who attended the Outdoor activities courses during the academic years 2000/2001, 2001/2002, 2002/2003. The sample was evaluated by the Likert scale and the following aspects were included: attitude towards the conditions of course delivery, content, organisation and implementation of the lessons of skiing and camping. Majority of students expressed the affirmative attitudes towards skiing and camping. The obtained results were used in a new conceptualisation of the Outdoor activities course.