The aim of this study was to evaluate body fat content (BF) of elite athletes obtained by two different field methods for body composition measurements and to compare it with body mass index (BMI) values. The research was conducted on 40 male athletes (20 runners and 20 handball players) and 30 non athletes. BF was calculated from the skinfold values (BFsft) and estimated using a hand-held impedance analyzer (BFbia%). Body mass index, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to stature ratio (WSR) were calculated from adequate anthropometric values. Comparing the BF content between non athletes and two different sport groups, significant difference was found in all parameters between runners and non athletes (p < 0.05). Significant difference was found between BF values of runners and handball players (p < 0.05). Runners have had significantly lower BF, estimated by both methods. They also have had significantly lower WHR and WSR (p < 0.05). In the group of athletes and non athletes with BMI higher than 25 kg/m 2 , or lower than 20 kg/m 2 , comparing with others, no significant difference was found in BFsft and WHR. BMI is not a good predictor of BF, because it does not provide specific information about body fatness, but rather body heaviness. Bioimpedance and anthropometry methods could be used to monitor non obese subjects in clinical routine and population based studies. For BF estimation in athletes, we recommend anthropometry, rather than bioimpedance because of inter individual and inter sports variations in arms length and regional masculinity.

The Outdoor activities course is an important and very specific segment of study programs which prepare future teachers of physical education and recreation, instructors and similar professional profiles. With the purpose of creating a new concept of course or improve the existing one according to the attitude college students have to the Outdoor activities course, students of the Faculty and Sport and Physical Education were surveyed. The sample consisted of 191 college students of both gender who attended the Outdoor activities courses during the academic years 2000/2001, 2001/2002, 2002/2003. The sample was evaluated by the Likert scale and the following aspects were included: attitude towards the conditions of course delivery, content, organisation and implementation of the lessons of skiing and camping. Majority of students expressed the affirmative attitudes towards skiing and camping. The obtained results were used in a new conceptualisation of the Outdoor activities course.

Development of inclusive education model in Serbia, evident during last decade, is in accordance with national strategic documents and corresponding international legislative. Special role in inclusive education development belongs to intradepartmental commissions, established to implement inclusive politics at local level. In paper, the normative framework for intradepartmental commissions work is analyzed, as well as first experiences from Vojvodinaís intradepartmental commissions. According to data submitted by commissionsí coordinators from 30 local communities, the greatest challenge in commissionsí work is implementation of suggested individual plan of support. Problems with implementation could be referred to additional educational support, including physical education as well. In inclusive physical education perspective, the commissioní opinion is invaluable, because it contains a complete insight into childís needs for additional support. Identification of barriers child and its family is faced with, as well as supports they have in educational domain, presents the first step in inclusive teaching planning. Data obtained show that within children referred to commissions boys, primary school children and mentally disturbed individuals, represent a majority.

In dance, biomechanical methodologies are used to improve aspects of dance technique. Therefore the aim of our study was to gain knowledge of the kinematic structure of the feather step in slow fox routine. Material and methods: Four top level dance couples were involved in the study. To examine the routine biomechanically we have filmed the particular dance figures by high speed camera with frequency of 50 frames per second. Subsequently, we processed and evaluated digitalized images by 2D analysis. The path of gravity and angular changes in knee joint in the particular dance figures phases were evaluated and compared between partners and pairs together. Results: Dancing couples in the same conditions reached different readings in angle of the knee joint as well as trajectory of the centre of gravity during motion.

In recent years Italian primary school, as called in the past time elementary school, that goes between 5 years old to 10, has been updated in the ministerial documents relating to the educational activities. At the same time, recent discoveries about the brain have changed the scientific bases on which are based educational psycho-pedagogy theories concerning movement learning on motor control system such as closed loop, open loop and motor imagery. The purpose of this work is to identify into the ministerial documents regarding the educational activities such as aspects of psycho-pedagogy in the field of body and movement research that relates to neurological and scientific discoveries on motor control and movement learning. The method of research is mixed: theoretical-argumentative approach about scientific paradigms regarding the motor learning in the early years of life and historical-documentary one about the ministerial documents relating to the teaching activities. The results did not carry out particular aspects of education and didactics that can be connected to the new neuro-scientific theories and suggest to update them. All ministerial documents published do not provide any reference to recent discoveries related to the theory of movement and to correlate these according to didactics of motor activities. It may be useful to deepen further the study and deliver the results to the governmental Experts for the necessary updates to fill up the vacuum. 

Women generally live longer than men because of both biological and behavioural advantages; still womenís longer lives are not necessarily healthy lives. Considering that women from rural areas are often recognized as particularly vulnerable social groups concerning quality of life and physical activity, the study was conducted aiming to determine physical functioning and general health of women from urban and rural areas, as well as to examine differences between them in these health domains. Sample comprises of females aged 30 to 60 yrs, totally 146 participants (73 from urban areas, 73 from rural areas). For the purposes of this study two scales, Physical functioning and General health perceptions, from the SF-36 Health Survey. The results obtained show that significant differences between two groups of participant exist in both domains, with more positive self-perceptions of physical functioning in urban females and more positive global health perceptions in rural females. These results confirm that personal satisfaction and perception of oneís global health are affected not merely by the physical functioning, but by other health components as well.

Physical activity (PA) levels of community-dwelling adults aged 60 and over were assessed in Greece, in order to determine age and gender effects. PA was assessed using the PA Scale for the Elderly in 591 persons (287 males and 304 females), (Ã=74.04, SD=5.46). Participants were assigned into two age groups: A=65-75 and B=76-86 years. According to two way ANOVA, no significant differences were reported in total PA between men and women (p>.05) even though a significant age effect was reported with participants in Group A having higher scores than participants in Group B (p<.001). Men reported greater participation in recreational activities of moderate intensity (p<.001) and in exercises for muscular strength and endurance (p<.05). Women were more active in PA related to household (p<.001). Age effects resulted in favor of older adults in Group A 61-70 years when compared to older adults in Group B for walking, for recreational activities and for housework (p<.001). In conclusion, both gender and age affect PA participation of older adults in Greece.

The article intends to show the impact of a pedagogical proposal in Physical Education (PE). The proposal was focussed on autonomy, personal and social responsibility, and decision-making in order to prepare the individual to be able to keep an active lifestyle, in terms of exercising, after finishing compulsory education. This proposal could be considered as an interactive teaching model (Blanchard, 2009) in which the students play an active and reflexive role in all the decisions taken during the teaching-learning process. Also, it shares aspects with the Sport Education model by Daryl Siedentop and the Social and Personal Responsibility model by Don Hellison. The research is a longitudinal study that used an ethnographic methodology to study the teaching-learning process of a mixed group of 25 students led by a PE teacher at a school in CataluÒa, Spain. The aim was to learn about studentsí opinion on their learning in PE lessons, their current exercise habits and their own autonomy and initiative to keep on exercising. The results show that the specific learning environment, the personality of the teacher, the teacher- student relationship, the strategies and the contents had had a significant impact on students. This impact exceeded any expectations related to concepts of physically active lifestyles and it included aspects of social awareness, responsibility, respect, empathy and recognition of the importance of PE in their lives.

The investigation aimed to determine if sport motivation for engagement to the sitting volleyball differed between groups of participants, sorted by 6 criterions. 88 athletes (M: 83 and F: 5) participated in this research, including sitting volleyball players in origin from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Greece. The data are collected using the Sitting Volleyball Participation Survey, which is modified version of Disability Sport Participation Questionaire (Wu, & Williams, 2001), designed for investigation of motives for sport participation among persons with disability. Descriptive statistics and Non parametric Mann- Whitney-U test within the SPSS 16.0, were used for statistical analysis. The results inicated that motiv of Socialisation (78.8 %) is the prime factor of sitting volleyball participation. Statistically significant differences between chosen groups of participants haven't been found, except the fact that players who experienced injury in younger age emphasize the importance of sport competition for their sport participation.

A basic posture is thought to be inherited, but it can be modified by environmental factors such as illness, age, physical activity, living conditions, physical environment, diet, and many others. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in postural status between trained athletes and untrained children of the same age. The population sample included boys aged 8-10 years from elementary schools in the city of Novi Sad, as well as from sport clubs in the same area. They were assigned to either of the three groups: A) pupils participating in an individual sport (N=50); B) pupils participating in a team sport (N=51), and C) pupils attending physical education (PE) classes only (N=50)(control group). All measurements of postural status were taken using the Napoleon Wolanski method. The analyses showed that the situation in the control group is rather worrisome, where postural status is very poor. The weakest links are the abdominal muscles, but also the head, shoulders, shoulder blades, spine, feet and legs.