The purpose of the present study was to examine the anthropometric parameters and cardiopulmonary functions of young handball players in different playing positions. 15 male handball players from first division (mean age: 16.06±0.63 yrs) participated in our research who were divided by their playing positions. First anthropometric parameters, body composition and pulmonary functions in rest were measured. Then physiological changes of the players were tested with Bruce protocol. We found that wings differed the most in morphological characteristics from other players. We did not find significant differences in pulmonary functions among positions. The highest values of Tidal volume in the vita maxima test were found in pivots (2.82±0.15 l) which is significantly higher than Tidal volume of goalkeepers (p=0.006). The highest mean value of maximal oxygen uptake was recorded (73.93±9.41 ml/kg/min) in wings. Altogether in our study important differences were seen in physique and in performance also among young handball players. 

Coordination as complex motor ability in preschool age represents a base for development of other abilities and thus point out their relationships with overall motor development of a child. The goal of this research is to analyze the relationship of coordination with motor abilities and anthropometric characteristics of preschool girls. In a sample of 197 girls aged from 4 – 6 years, seven tests of motor skills were applied and five anthropometric measures. Using standard multiple regression, a statistically significant correlation between motor abilities/anthropometric characteristics and coordination of preschool girls was identified. The system of motor and anthropometric variables as a whole explains 41% of variance of the depended variable. Among the variables of the predictor system, the best predictors of girls’ performance on coordination test, were the following variables: hand tapping, standing broad jump and abdominal skinfold. The results suggest that the preschool girls’ motor skills are related in a specific way and that coordination has a large impact on other motor skills. 

The aim of the study was to determine if and to what extent equal point of view of
spouses regarding recreation can be seen as a significant indicator of the quality and stability
of marital relationship in our society. For this purpose 436 women, who live in marriage or
non-marital cohabitation, aged 19- 64, were tested. The differences among the tested women
who share the same attitude about recreation with their spouses and those who do not, were
tested by discriminatory analysis regarding the following: different demographic variables, general satisfaction with the marriage and marital relationship, different aspects of the quality
of the marital relationship, style of affectional bond, marital locus of control, differences in
judgement of personal and spouseís values, presence of stressful events, strategies for
overcoming the stress, stability of the marriage and intention to seek professional
psychological help. Statistically significant discriminatory factor (rc=0.54; p= 0.00) was
obtained which is interpreted as harmonious in contrast to the conflict prone marital
relationship. The main conclusion of the research is that the spousal approval of recreation
represents a good indicator of general harmony in a marital relationship.

The research deals with cross-section analysis of ontogenetic characteristics of basic
kinematic parameters of the running stride in terms of age and gender from 7 to 18 years of
age. There were monitored: average velocity, stride frequency and length, duration of support
and flying phase, as well as other derived indicators at 10 m with 15 m flying start. Sample
consisted of 1299 male and 1288 female students of elementary and high schools in
Bratislava. Authors determined high age dependency of running speed and stride length on
age. On the other hand, there was high ontogenetic stability of the indicators (stride
frequency, duration of support and flying phase) in the population of 7 to 18 year-old youth. Ontogenetically stable parameters deteriorated partially in prepubescent and at the beginning
of the pubescent period in the age 11 ñ 15. This relates to rapid growth of body height and
weight and deterioration of biomechanical and coordination conditions of an organism. Those
finding lead the authors to the conclusion, that ontogenetically stable indicators comprise so
called dispositional factors in evaluating the rate of talent for running speed.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between morphological
characteristics and motor abilities of boys and girls aged from 11 to 14 so that the process of
physical education could be in line with the dynamics of growth and development as well as
the differences between the sexes. The total sample consisted of 730 subjects, divided into
four age groups of 11, 12, 13 and 14. Eight motor tests were conducted and 9 anthropometric
measures were taken. The boys of all ages achieved better results in tests of coordination, repetitive and explosive power, while girls of all age groups scored better in flexibility tests. The largest differences between the sexes at the ages of 11 and 12 years were the results of
variables evaluating motor abilities. At the age of 13, a significant difference in skinfold
thickness was found in favor of girls and at the age of 14 in the voluminousness in favor of
boys. In boys aged from 13 and 14, the increase in body volume was negatively correlated
with the increase in skinfold thickness, indicating that the increase of voluminousness is
caused by the increase of muscle mass. It is therefore concluded that the linear increase of the
differences in motor performance tests under 14 years of age is caused by increased muscle
mass in boys, especially in tests where achievement depends on the strength and production
of force.

The aim of this study is to determine the differences in certain morphological
characteristics and thigh muscle force of bounce leg between football players and
goalkeepers. The examined group consisted of 15 goalkeepers and 14 players, aged 15 ñ 18
years, from Vojvodina cadet league. Five parameters were tested by means of isokinetic
dynamometer, and 6 morphological factors were measured. The differences between sub
samples were gained by multivariable and univariable analysis of variance. Multivariable
analysis was used to determine significant difference at the level (p =.00), and we determined
statistically significant difference on individual basis in body height and in muscle mass
percentage. Almost equal results in thigh muscle force of bounce leg among the subjects and
no difference in other variables can be explained by identical training process for players and
goalkeepers. The data gathered demonstrate that in the future it will be necessary to
implement different training process, specially designed for goalkeepers.

The aim of this paper is to establish the effects of an experimental treatment, so called
ìRussian complexî on explosive leg power of the basketball players belonging to the
experimental group. Explosive leg power was measured on the sample consisting of 40
basketball players from the Serbian league: 20 basketball players from the experimental group
and 20 from the control group, all aged between 16 and 18. The experimental group was the
subject of the experimental treatment, so called ìRussian complexî, which included gym
exercises and took place twice a week during the period of ten weeks. The results of the
univariate analysis of covariance indicated that the experimental programme led to a
statistically significant improvement of all three motor variables used for the evaluation of
explosive leg power (Sargent Jump Test, Standing Triple Jump and Standing Jump) in the
experimental group of examinees, in comparison to the control group. 

It is well established that warm-up sessions are very important and essential part of every
swimming competition. There is much evidence which tells how strong the influence of these
sessions on swimming performance is. Although there are many suggestions about content of
warm-up sessions in swimming, their duration and intensity, there are no clear conclusions about
all segments of warm-up. Because of that many researchers tried to reveal how good warm-up
sessions should look like. In this study 8 male and 4 female competitive swimmers aged 19 to 26
were tested. They were asked to swim three different warm-up sessions followed by 100 meters
performance with maximal intensity. Before trial number 1 they performed long duration warm- up session, before trial 2 short duration warm-up session and before trial 3 they were asked to
perform warm-up session with high intensity. The recovery time between each warm-up session
and the performance was 5 minutes and during these 5 minutes. ANOVA with Repeated
Measures was used to test the differences in the performance that swimmers achieved after three
different warm up sessions. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The results showed that
there was not significant difference in the performance after long duration and short duration
warm-up sessions (p=1). On the other hand the difference in the performance on the trial 1 and
trial 3 was significant (p=.02). Furthermore, the difference between trial 2 and trial 3 was
significant as well (p=.03). Duration of the warm up session did not have significant influence on
the performance. On the other hand, the results showed that the intensity of the warm-up has big
influence on the performance. High intense warm-up without appropriate recover can cause drop
in the result. More research needs to be done on this topic with many different conditions.

Aerobic fitness, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance are synonyms for work
capacity, which itself is an important prerequisite for the health and life of every man. The
purpose of this research was to identify the trend of aerobic fitness of students in the last 15
years. The Survey method, which implies nonexperimental crossectional research, was used. The
instrument is UKK 2km, walking test. The total sample consisted of 605 subjects (389 males, 216 females), students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, aged 18-28 years. They were
divided into three groups, according to when they were tested, the first group was tested in the
period 1997-2000 (N = 299), the other was tested from 2001-2004 (N = 200), the third was
tested in 2012 (N = 106). Analysis of the results showed a decreasing trend in fitness index of
male students with 104.1 to 77.3, and of the female students from 96.4 to 84.8. T-tests confirmed
differences in fitness index, at the level of p<0.05 for both sexes. The maximum oxygen
consumption among male students declined from 51.3 to 40.3 ml/kg/min, and among female
students from 37.5 to 33.7 ml/kg/min. The results indicate toward decreasing trend in students' aerobic fitness in both sexes, but the trend is less pronounced in female students. Students of
both sexes have fitness index values below the standard norms of the Swedish population. According to the criteria of Cooper oxygen consumption students have moved from the
ìExcellentî to the ìVery goodî category. The general trend of decreasing aerobic fitness of the
population can be seen in the sport and physical education students, as a consequence of lifestyle
in which there is not enough adequate physical activity.

The aim of this study is to determine the motivational structure of youths for practicing
sports. The research included 60 participants, of both sexes, all aged between 13 and 16. The
survey method was applied. The research results showed the following facts: that intrinsic
motivation is the main instigator for practicing sports and 58.33% of the participants personally
made the decision to start doing sports. As for the structure of motives, health is in the first place
of importance, followed by love for sports, then success, friendship, popularity and good looks. Money as primary motive is penultimate instigator, while fun is the last main motive for doing
sports. The hierarchy of motives for initial involvement in sports activities does not differ on the
basis of gender. Children are most intensively involved in sports between 6 and 10 years of age. The main conclusion of the research is that coaches should improve the consciousness of
practicing sports for the purposes of fun and friendship.